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Research & Evaluation methodsAppendix 3The knowledge and skills required for evidence-based practice Understanding and application of the following:· Concepts used in evidence-based medicine including: specificity, sensitivity, absolute risk (AR), absolute risk increase (ARI), absolute risk reduction (ARR), hazard ratio (HR), negative predictive value, number needed to harm (NNH), number needed to treat (NNT), odds, odds ratio (OR), positive predictive value (PPV), relative risk (RR), relative risk increase (RRI), relative risk reduction (RRR) · Basic statistical concepts, including the representativeness of the sample, inclusion and exclusion criteria, bias, prevalence, confidence intervals, probability and correlation coefficients to enable interpretation of results from common statistical tests used for parametric data (e.g. t-tests, analysis of variance, multiple regression) and non-parametric data (e.g. chi squared, Mann-Whitney U) · Most appropriate research design to examine the hypothesis proposed in prospective and retrospective studies; the limitations and strengths of research methodologies, including case-control, cohort, pilot studies, questionnaire design, quantitative and qualitative studies; use of techniques such as interviews, focus groups, transcripts of narrative material; randomised controlled trials · Methodology of systematic reviews and meta-analysis, including the potential sources of bias and error in the interpretation of overviews · Issues relating to research results and conclusions including reliability, validity, generalisability and evaluation of the appropriateness of the study design · Systematic appraisal of research papers and an ability concisely to summarise the results · Extent to which results or conclusions of research may be applied in the clinical context, taking into account contemporary views and practice |
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